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Thomas FitzStephen
Thomas FitzStephen (Old French : ''Thomas fiz Estienne'', died 1120) was captain of the ill-fated ''White Ship'' (French: ''la Blanche-Nef''), which sank off Barfleur, Normandy, on 25 November 1120.
==Life==
He was the son of Stephen FitzAirard (Old French : ''Estienne fiz Airard''), the captain of the 'Mora', the ship which brought William the Conqueror over from Normandy during his invasion of England in 1066.〔Elisabeth M.C, van Houts, 'The Ship List of William the Conqueror', ''Anglo-Norman Studies X: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987'', Ed. R. Allen Brown (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1988), pp. 172-73〕 FitzStephen owned and captained the White Ship which at that time was docked at Barfleur harbor.〔J.A. Guiles, ''William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the Kings of England'' (London: George Bell and Sons, 1904), p. 455〕 When Thomas FitzStephen presented himself to the king he said:
Henry had already made other arrangements, but gave permission for his sons William Adelin and Richard, as well as the young nobles William's entourage travel on it instead.〔Judith A. Green, ''Henry I: King of England and Duke of Normandy'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 165〕 According to Orderic Vitalis, the nobles as well as the crew were drinking.〔
By the time the ship was ready to leave there were about 300 people on board although some had disembarked before the ship sailed due to the excessive drinking.〔William M. Aird, ''Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy c. 1050–1134'' (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2008), p. 269〕 Stephen and his crew were challenged by the revelers to overtake the king's ship which had already sailed.〔 The White ship was fast, of the best construction and had recently been fitted with new materials which made the captain and crew confident they could reach England first.〔 But when the ship set off in the dark, its port side struck a submerged rock and the ship quickly capsized and sank.〔 The loss of life was devastating – according to Orderic Vitalis only two survived, by clinging to the rock all night; one was a butcher from Rouen, the second was Geoffrey de l'Aigle.〔Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', Trans. Thomas Forester, Vol IV (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), p. 35〕 Orderic also claims that FitzStephen let himself drown rather than face the wrath of King Henry I, as Henry's son William Adelin had been among those drowned.〔Stephen of Blois, the king's nephew by his sister Adela, was among the entourage and had boarded the ship but had disembarked just before it sailed due to illness. The death of William Adelin in the White ship caused a succession crisis leading to The Anarchy and ultimately to Stephen becoming King of England.〕〔Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', Trans. Thomas Forester, Vol IV (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), p. 36〕
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